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| Cứu
Thương - part 1, page 4 |
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The
Respiratory System
This system is composed of the airway and the lungs. Its
function is to provide oxygen to the blood. Oxygen is extracted
from the air that is inhaled via the airway, and is passed
into the blood stream through membranes of the lungs. For
the first aid provider, the maintenance of a casualty's
airway is of primary importance. |
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The
Musculoskeletal System
This system involves the bones and muscles of the body.
Most muscles that cause movement work by contracting and
relaxing in conjunction with a bone. The action of raising
your leg involves the contraction of several muscles creating
an opposing force in the leg, causing it to move upwards.
Some muscles, such as the diaphragm that makes the lungs
expand and contract, do not need bones to work with, but
function attached to large masses of tissue. |
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The
Lymphatic System
This system provides lymphatic fluid that drains from the body's
tissues. This is important as a 'flushing' mechanism, and most
toxins and infections absorbed or injected into the tissues are
collected by the lymphatic system and 'strained' through lymph
nodes in the armpits, neck and groin. The lymphatic fluid eventually
drains into the blood stream. The lymphatic system is where toxins
like snake venom accumulate after the bite has occurred. |
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The
Digestive System
This system includes the oesophagus, stomach and intestines.
Drink and food are passed to the stomach via the oesophagus,
where it is processed into suitable nutrients. It is then
absorbed into the body through the membranes of the intestines.
Some organs, such as the liver and pancreas are considered
accessories to the digestive system as they assist in the
processing of food into various chemical substances used
by the body. |
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The
Urinary System
This is an important system which flushes waste products
suspended in fluid from the body. It includes the kidneys,
bladder and urinary tract, and plays a vital role in maintaining
the body in a healthy state. Should the urinary system,
(especially the kidneys) fail, then the affected person
requires external assistance to get rid of the waste products
by 'flushing' the blood. This is called haemodialysis or,
more commonly, 'dialysis'. |
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The
Reproductive System
This is linked to the body's endocrine system, through the female's
ovaries and the male's testes. These are known as the gonads,
or 'sex glands'. The female reproductive system consists of the
ovaries which produce the human egg, the uterus (or 'womb'), where
the fertilised egg is lodged for growth, and the vagina with the
associated 'birth canal'. The male reproductive system is composed
of the testes, which produce sperm, the seminal vesicle that provides
the fluid medium for the sperm, and the penis. |
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The
Integumentary System
This is the system that includes skin, hair, fingers and toenails.
Their pigmentation (colour) and growth are linked to the endocrine
system. |
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